CO2浓度与氮磷供应水平对黄瓜根系生长及各组织矿质养分含量的影响

在开顶式生长箱内，以黄瓜为试验材料，采用营养液培养方法，研究了不同氮水平、磷水平条件下大气CO2浓度对黄瓜植株内矿质养分含量以及根系形态的影响。结果表明：黄瓜植株各部位氮素含量随供氮水平提高而增加，磷水平提高，也能促进各部位氮含量的提高。植株各部位磷含量随供磷水平的提高而升高，在相同磷水平下，缺氮会使各部位磷含量升高。大气CO2浓度升高会使黄瓜植株各部位氮及特定部位的磷含量降低。黄瓜根部的Ca含量随CO2浓度的升高而显著降低，氮和磷水平的升高极显著地增加了其含量，且CO2浓度与供磷水平、供氮与供磷水平以及这三者之间存在明显的交互作用。供氮、供磷水平的升高极显著的提高了黄瓜叶片Ca的含量以及茎部Mg的含量，且两者存在明显的交互作用。黄瓜总根长和总根表面积随CO2浓度的增加有增大的趋势；在缺磷条件下，总根长和总根表面积随氮水平的提高而增大；而同一氮水平和CO2浓度下，磷水平的降低会增加总根长和总根表面积。总体看来，大气CO2浓度的升高能促进黄瓜根系的生长，但会使得黄瓜植株某些部位氮、磷、钙、镁等矿质元素含量降低，而供氮、供磷水平的提高可以通过增强黄瓜的生长与活力促进黄瓜根系对矿质养分的吸收，从而缓解由于CO2浓度升高带来的矿质元素含量降低的风险。这启示我们在对设施蔬菜CO2施肥的同时，也要注重适量提高合理配比下矿质元素的供应。     

30种中草药植物对尿素水解和硝化作用的抑制效果研究

采用室内培养实验,分别研究了21科30种中草药的植物浸提液对3种土壤中尿素水解和硝化作用的抑制效果。结果表明,中草药植物浸提液能够对尿素水解起抑制作用的有23种,其中8种的抑制效果优于脲酶抑制剂氢醌(HQ);浸提液能够抑制硝化作用的植物有25种,其中3种的硝化抑制效果优于双氰胺(DCD);唇形科植物夏枯草(Prunella vulgaris L.)和忍冬科植物金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)既能有效抑制尿素水解,又能有效减缓NH+4的硝化,是尿基氮肥增效剂的最佳选择。研究还表明,夏枯草和金银花粉末在培养后的24~36 h脲酶抑制率最高,在培养后的14~21 d硝化抑制率最高,且抑制效果随粉末用量的增加而增强。     

Use of the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the study of the partitioning of Cd, Pb and Zn in various soil samples

A slightly modified three-step sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) for analysis of sediments was successfully applied to soil samples. Contaminated soil samples from the lead and zinc mining area in the Mezica valley (Slovenia) and natural soils from a non-industrial area were analysed. The total concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn and their concentrations in fractions after extraction were determined by flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS, ETAAS). Total metal concentrations in natural soils ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 20 to 45 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 70 to 140 mg kg^-1 for Zn, while these concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 35 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 200 to 10000 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 140 to 1500 mg kg^-1 for Zn in soils from contaminated areas. The results of the partitioning study applying the slightly modified BCR three-step extraction procedure indicate that Cd, Pb and Zn in natural soils prevails mostly in sparingly soluble fractions. Cd in natural soils is bound mainly to Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides, Pb to organic matter, sulphides and silicates, while Zn is predominantly bound to silicates. In contaminated soils, Cd, Pb and Zn are distributed between the easily and sparingly soluble fractions. Due to the high total Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in contaminated soil close to the smelter, ! and their high proportions in the easily soluble fraction (80% of Cd, 50% of Pb and 70% of Zn), the soil around smelters represents an environmental hazard.     

1980 tephra from Mount St. Helens: Spatial and temporal variation beneath forest canopies

Summary Tephra and underlying litter and soil were sampled in 1980, 1982, and 1987 beneath subalpine forests where 4.5 and 15 cm of tephra fell during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington State, USA. Coarse pumice had a higher initial pH and less total N, less exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, and less extractable B and S than finer textured layers. Tephra pH and concentrations of cations and S decreased rapidly with time, especially during the first 2 years in the finer layers. Total N, Bray-Kurtz P, and organic C concentrations in the tephra increased with time. Changes within a site in total N, pH, organic C, P, Ca, Mg, and S from 1980 to 1987 exceeded the differences among sites at any one time. By 1987 a forest floor covered much of the tephra surface, and differences in Ca associated with site vegetation and seepage had developed in tephra layers of a similar depth. In 15 cm deep tephra at one site in 1987, the tephra crust beneath the forest canopy was thicker and had higher concentrations of coarse particles, organic C, total N, and cations than beneath forest openings. In concave microsites the crust was thicker, with higher pH, organic C, and total N but lower S than in adjacent convex microsites. Spatial and temporal chemical differences are sufficient to affect patterns of vegetation recovery.     

基于生态保护重要性的江西省瑞金市生态安全格局构建

[目的]在国土空间规划背景下,构建合理的生态安全格局,为优化县域国土开发格局以及推进城市生态文明建设提供参考。[方法]参考双评价工作指南,从生态系统服务功能重要性与生态脆弱性角度对江西省瑞金市进行生态保护重要性评价,从而识别生态源地,结合瑞金市的实际情况选取合适阻力因子建立阻力面,利用最小累计阻力模型识别生态廊道,综合构建瑞金市生态安全格局。[结果]通过生态保护重要性评价识别的瑞金市生态源地面积为1562.296 km²,占研究区面积的64%,通过乡行政界限修正提取出13个生态结点,以此为基础识别廊道21条,廊道总长度共计875.94 km,综合构建呈“一网三区”的瑞金市生态安全格局。[结论]通过生态保护重要性评价构建的瑞金市生态安全格局满足政策规划需求,可为瑞金市及类似城市国土开发格局优化与生态文明建设提供可行的参考方法。     

酸马奶酒中微生物的分离鉴定及抗菌特性的研究

从内蒙古锡盟不同地区采集15份酸马奶酒样品,经分离纯化、归属种鉴定,并单菌发酵液经调pH值、蒸发酒精、浓缩后,对李斯特杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌进行抑菌研究。结果表明,酸马奶酒是由多种乳酸菌和酵母菌共同发酵的乳饮料。其中乳酸菌中有球菌5个属,杆菌6个属,酵母菌6个属。乳酸菌中有9株乳球菌和12株乳杆菌对李斯特杆菌有抑制作用,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无抑制作用。酵母菌中有4株对大肠杆菌有抑菌作用,其中有2株同时对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用,对李斯特杆菌无抑制作用     

Improving minimum detectable differences in the assessment of soil organic matter change in short‐term field experiments

The demand for information on cropping system impact on soil organic matter (SOM) calls for efforts to improve the utilization of short‐term field experiments (e.g., to evaluate the parameterization of cropping systems in models). Those approaches have coped with the problem of determining small SOM changes within a large background mass. Thus, objectives of this survey are (1) the improvement of the minimum detectable difference (MDD) in SOM in the hudycrop short‐term field experiment by methods of sampling design and data treatment, (2) the verification to what extend the hudycrop short‐term field experiment allows for the determination of management induced effects on SOM, and (3) the investigation to what extent the obtained results may be suitable to evaluate the parameterization of a SOM balance model. The design of the hudycrop is suitable for excluding outliers plotwise. The estimation of plot means can be improved by the sampling design. Instead of determining a single plot mean in a mixed sampling procedure, the design provides multiple values for each plot, allowing for the identification of extreme values before calculating plot means. In consequence, minimum detectable differences decrease by a factor of 0.53 for soil organic C (SOC) and 0.63 for soil total N (STN) masses, allowing for detection of changes in the magnitude of 3.7 and 2.6% of background SOC and STN levels, respectively. Differences between treatments, however, are significant with corrected values (after outlier exclusion) for the crop production systems with the highest impact (potatoes and mulched red clover). Determining outliers based on Student's t‐test gives the lowest MDD and is therefore considered to be the most suitable method in this case. Correlations between apparent changes and SOM balances according to the HU‐MOD–2 model, used in this survey, indicate that the experimental design, in principal, is suitable for the evaluation of the parameterization of crop production systems in models. Still, an improved precision in SOM change detection is necessary. Reasonable options for that purpose are discussed in the paper.     

我国农村低保和扶贫对象识别与瞄准研究综述

最低生活保障与扶贫开发是我国新时期农村两项重要的社会救助政策,也是农村社会保障体系的基本内容.准确识别与瞄准贫困对象是两项制度顺利实施的前提和基础,也是提高农村扶贫效率和维系制度公平的需要.该研究对近年来我国学者关于两项制度对象识别与瞄准的相关研究进行了综述,总结了我国农村低保和扶贫对象的重要意义、难点及对策.指出拓宽研究视角、强化研究成果的应用性和可操作性是今后进一步研究的重要任务.     

除草用四足机器人稳定性的判定与分析

针对除草用四足机器人在不规则农田地面行走稳定性难以评定的问题,在力–角稳定性度量法的基础上,提出了三棱锥法,根据对其角点倾翻角和轴线倾翻角的推导,得到用最小稳定角作稳定性的评判标准。引入倾翻性能系数综合评价四足机器人的静态和动态稳定性,并通过数值模拟,讨论在不规则农田里的地面倾角、外载荷及外力矩对机器人稳定性的影响。使用由舵机驱动的8自由度,尺寸为170 mm×130 mm×140 mm的机器人物理样机在0°~45°的不规则玉米地上进行试验,测量最小稳定角。结果表明:合外力与地面倾角对机器人稳定性影响显著,地面倾角对其影响接近线性单调,试验所测最小稳定角度值与预测结果相比,平均相对误差为9.46%,相关系数为0.979 6。